Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa

D >> David Livingstone >> Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa


Chapter 18. The Watershed between the northern and southern
Rivers--A deep Valley--Rustic Bridge--Fountains on the Slopes
of the Valleys--Village of Kabinje--Good Effects of the Belief
in the Power of Charms--Demand for Gunpowder and English
Calico--The Kasai--Vexatious Trick--Want of Food--No Game--
Katende's unreasonable Demand--A grave Offense--Toll-bridge
Keeper--Greedy Guides--Flooded Valleys--Swim the Nyuana Loke--
Prompt Kindness of my Men--Makololo Remarks on the rich
uncultivated Valleys--Difference in the Color of Africans--
Reach a Village of the Chiboque--The Head Man's impudent
Message--Surrounds our Encampment with his Warriors--The
Pretense--Their Demand--Prospect of a Fight--Way in which it
was averted--Change our Path--Summer--Fever--Beehives and the
Honey-guide--Instinct of Trees--Climbers--The Ox Sinbad--
Absence of Thorns in the Forests--Plant peculiar to a forsaken
Garden--Bad Guides--Insubordination suppressed--Beset by
Enemies--A Robber Party--More Troubles--Detained by Ionga
Panza--His Village--Annoyed by Bangala Traders--My Men
discouraged--Their Determination and Precaution.

Chapter 19. Guides prepaid--Bark Canoes--Deserted by Guides--
Mistakes respecting the Coanza--Feelings of freed Slaves--
Gardens and Villages--Native Traders--A Grave--Valley of the
Quango--Bamboo--White Larvae used as Food--Bashinje Insolence--
A posing Question--The Chief Sansawe--His Hostility--Pass him
safely--The River Quango--Chief's mode of dressing his Hair--
Opposition--Opportune Aid by Cypriano--His generous
Hospitality--Ability of Half-castes to read and write--Books
and Images--Marauding Party burned in the Grass--Arrive at
Cassange--A good Supper--Kindness of Captain Neves--
Portuguese Curiosity and Questions--Anniversary of the
Resurrection--No Prejudice against Color--Country around
Cassange--Sell Sekeletu's Ivory--Makololo's Surprise at the
high Price obtained--Proposal to return Home, and Reasons--
Soldier-guide--Hill Kasala--Tala Mungongo, Village of--
Civility of Basongo--True Negroes--A Field of Wheat--Carriers--
Sleeping-places--Fever--Enter District of Ambaca--Good Fruits
of Jesuit Teaching--The 'Tampan'; its Bite--Universal
Hospitality of the Portuguese--A Tale of the Mambari--
Exhilarating Effects of Highland Scenery--District of Golungo
Alto--Want of good Roads--Fertility--Forests of gigantic
Timber--Native Carpenters--Coffee Estate--Sterility of Country
near the Coast--Mosquitoes--Fears of the Makololo--Welcome by
Mr. Gabriel to Loanda.

Chapter 20. Continued Sickness--Kindness of the Bishop of
Angola and her Majesty's Officers--Mr. Gabriel's unwearied
Hospitality--Serious Deportment of the Makololo--They visit
Ships of War--Politeness of the Officers and Men--The Makololo
attend Mass in the Cathedral--Their Remarks--Find Employment
in collecting Firewood and unloading Coal--Their superior
Judgment respecting Goods--Beneficial Influence of the Bishop
of Angola--The City of St. Paul de Loanda--The Harbor--Custom-
house--No English Merchants--Sincerity of the Portuguese
Government in suppressing the Slave-trade--Convict Soldiers--
Presents from Bishop and Merchants for Sekeletu--Outfit--Leave
Loanda 20th September, 1854--Accompanied by Mr. Gabriel as far
as Icollo i Bengo--Sugar Manufactory--Geology of this part of
the Country--Women spinning Cotton--Its Price--Native Weavers--
Market-places--Cazengo; its Coffee Plantations--South
American Trees--Ruins of Iron Foundry--Native Miners--The
Banks of the Lucalla--Cottages with Stages--Tobacco-plants--
Town of Massangano--Sugar and Rice--Superior District for
Cotton--Portuguese Merchants and foreign Enterprise--Ruins--
The Fort and its ancient Guns--Former Importance of
Massangano--Fires--The Tribe Kisama--Peculiar Variety of
Domestic Fowl--Coffee Plantations--Return to Golungo Alto--
Self-complacency of the Makololo--Fever--Jaundice--Insanity.

Chapter 21. Visit a deserted Convent--Favorable Report of
Jesuits and their Teaching--Gradations of native Society--
Punishment of Thieves--Palm-toddy; its baneful Effects--
Freemasons--Marriages and Funerals--Litigation--Mr. Canto's
Illness--Bad Behavior of his Slaves--An Entertainment--Ideas
on Free Labor--Loss of American Cotton-seed--Abundance of
Cotton in the country--Sickness of Sekeletu's Horse--Eclipse
of the Sun--Insects which distill Water--Experiments with
them--Proceed to Ambaca--Sickly Season--Office of Commandant--
Punishment of official Delinquents--Present from Mr. Schut of
Loanda--Visit Pungo Andongo--Its good Pasturage, Grain, Fruit,
etc.--The Fort and columnar Rocks--The Queen of Jinga--
Salubrity of Pungo Andongo--Price of a Slave--A Merchant-
prince--His Hospitality--Hear of the Loss of my Papers in
"Forerunner"--Narrow Escape from an Alligator--Ancient Burial-
places--Neglect of Agriculture in Angola--Manioc the staple
Product--Its Cheapness--Sickness--Friendly Visit from a
colored Priest--The Prince of Congo--No Priests in the
Interior of Angola.

Chapter 22. Leave Pungo Andongo--Extent of Portuguese Power--
Meet Traders and Carriers--Red Ants; their fierce Attack;
Usefulness; Numbers--Descend the Heights of Tala Mungongo--
Fruit-trees in the Valley of Cassange--Edible Muscle--Birds--
Cassange Village--Quinine and Cathory--Sickness of Captain
Neves' Infant--A Diviner thrashed--Death of the Child--
Mourning--Loss of Life from the Ordeal--Wide-spread
Superstitions--The Chieftainship--Charms--Receive Copies of
the "Times"--Trading Pombeiros--Present for Matiamvo--Fever
after westerly Winds--Capabilities of Angola for producing the
raw Materials of English Manufacture--Trading Parties with
Ivory--More Fever--A Hyaena's Choice--Makololo Opinion of the
Portuguese--Cypriano's Debt--A Funeral--Dread of disembodied
Spirits--Beautiful Morning Scenes--Crossing the Quango--
Ambakistas called "The Jews of Angola"--Fashions of the
Bashinje--Approach the Village of Sansawe--His Idea of
Dignity--The Pombeiros' Present--Long Detention--A Blow on the
Beard--Attacked in a Forest--Sudden Conversion of a fighting
Chief to Peace Principles by means of a Revolver--No Blood
shed in consequence--Rate of Traveling--Slave Women--Way of
addressing Slaves--Their thievish Propensities--Feeders of the
Congo or Zaire--Obliged to refuse Presents--Cross the Loajima--
Appearance of People; Hair Fashions.

Chapter 23. Make a Detour southward--Peculiarities of the
Inhabitants--Scarcity of Animals--Forests--Geological
Structure of the Country--Abundance and Cheapness of Food near
the Chihombo--A Slave lost--The Makololo Opinion of
Slaveholders--Funeral Obsequies in Cabango--Send a Sketch of
the Country to Mr. Gabriel--Native Information respecting the
Kasai and Quango--The Trade with Luba--Drainage of Londa--
Report of Matiamvo's Country and Government--Senhor Faria's
Present to a Chief--The Balonda Mode of spending Time--
Faithless Guide--Makololo lament the Ignorance of the Balonda--
Eagerness of the Villagers for Trade--Civility of a Female
Chief--The Chief Bango and his People--Refuse to eat Beef--
Ambition of Africans to have a Village--Winters in the
Interior--Spring at Kolobeng--White Ants: "Never could desire
to eat any thing better"--Young Herbage and Animals--Valley of
the Loembwe--The white Man a Hobgoblin--Specimen of
Quarreling--Eager Desire for Calico--Want of Clothing at
Kawawa's--Funeral Observances--Agreeable Intercourse with
Kawawa--His impudent Demand--Unpleasant Parting--Kawawa tries
to prevent our crossing the River Kasai--Stratagem.

Chapter 24. Level Plains--Vultures and other Birds--Diversity
of Color in Flowers of the same Species--The Sundew--Twenty-
seventh Attack of Fever--A River which flows in opposite
Directions--Lake Dilolo the Watershed between the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans--Position of Rocks--Sir Roderick Murchison's
Explanation--Characteristics of the Rainy Season in connection
with the Floods of the Zambesi and the Nile--Probable Reason
of Difference in Amount of Rain South and North of the
Equator--Arab Reports of Region east of Londa--Probable
Watershed of the Zambesi and the Nile--Lake Dilolo--Reach
Katema's Town: his renewed Hospitality; desire to appear like
a White Man; ludicrous Departure--Jackdaws--Ford southern
Branch of Lake Dilolo--Small Fish--Project for a Makololo
Village near the Confluence of the Leeba and the Leeambye--
Hearty Welcome from Shinte--Kolimbota's Wound--Plant-seeds and
Fruit-trees brought from Angola--Masiko and Limboa's Quarrel--
Nyamoana now a Widow--Purchase Canoes and descend the Leeba--
Herds of wild Animals on its Banks--Unsuccessful Buffalo-
hunt--Frogs--Sinbad and the Tsetse--Dispatch a Message to
Manenko--Arrival of her Husband Sambanza--The Ceremony called
Kasendi--Unexpected Fee for performing a surgical Operation--
Social Condition of the Tribes--Desertion of Mboenga--
Stratagem of Mambowe Hunters--Water-turtles--Charged by a
Buffalo--Reception from the People of Libonta--Explain the
Causes of our long Delay--Pitsane's Speech--Thanksgiving
Services--Appearance of my "Braves"--Wonderful Kindness of the
People.

Chapter 25. Colony of Birds called Linkololo--The Village of
Chitlane--Murder of Mpololo's Daughter--Execution of the
Murderer and his Wife--My Companions find that their Wives
have married other Husbands--Sunday--A Party from Masiko--
Freedom of Speech--Canoe struck by a Hippopotamus--Gonye--
Appearance of Trees at the end of Winter--Murky Atmosphere--
Surprising Amount of organic Life--Hornets--The Packages
forwarded by Mr. Moffat--Makololo Suspicions and Reply to the
Matebele who brought them--Convey the Goods to an Island and
build a Hut over them--Ascertain that Sir R. Murchison had
recognized the true Form of African Continent--Arrival at
Linyanti--A grand Picho--Shrewd Inquiry--Sekeletu in his
Uniform--A Trading-party sent to Loanda with Ivory--Mr.
Gabriel's Kindness to them--Difficulties in Trading--Two
Makololo Forays during our Absence--Report of the Country to
the N.E.--Death of influential Men--The Makololo desire to be
nearer the Market--Opinions upon a Change of Residence--
Climate of Barotse Valley--Diseases--Author's Fevers not a
fair Criterion in the Matter--The Interior an inviting Field
for the Philanthropist--Consultations about a Path to the East
Coast--Decide on descending North Bank of Zambesi--Wait for
the Rainy Season--Native way of spending Time during the
period of greatest Heat--Favorable Opening for Missionary
Enterprise--Ben Habib wishes to marry--A Maiden's Choice--
Sekeletu's Hospitality--Sulphureted Hydrogen and Malaria--
Conversations with Makololo--Their moral Character and
Conduct--Sekeletu wishes to purchase a Sugar-mill, etc.--The
Donkeys--Influence among the Natives--"Food fit for a Chief"--
Parting Words of Mamire--Motibe's Excuses.

Chapter 26. Departure from Linyanti--A Thunder-storm--An Act
of genuine Kindness--Fitted out a second time by the Makololo--
Sail down the Leeambye--Sekote's Kotla and human Skulls; his
Grave adorned with Elephants' Tusks--Victoria Falls--Native
Names--Columns of Vapor--Gigantic Crack--Wear of the Rocks--
Shrines of the Barimo--"The Pestle of the Gods"--Second Visit
to the Falls--Island Garden--Store-house Island--Native
Diviners--A European Diviner--Makololo Foray--Marauder to be
fined--Mambari--Makololo wish to stop Mambari Slave-trading--
Part with Sekeletu--Night Traveling--River Lekone--Ancient
fresh-water Lakes--Formation of Lake Ngami--Native Traditions--
Drainage of the Great Valley--Native Reports of the Country
to the North--Maps--Moyara's Village--Savage Customs of the
Batoka--A Chain of Trading Stations--Remedy against Tsetse--
"The Well of Joy"--First Traces of Trade with Europeans--
Knocking out the front Teeth--Facetious Explanation--
Degradation of the Batoka--Description of the Traveling Party--
Cross the Unguesi--Geological Formation--Ruins of a large
Town--Productions of the Soil similar to those in Angola--
Abundance of Fruit.

Chapter 27. Low Hills--Black Soldier-Ants; their Cannibalism--
The Plasterer and its Chloroform--White Ants; their
Usefulness--Mutokwane-smoking; its Effects--Border Territory--
Healthy Table-lands--Geological Formation--Cicadae--Trees--
Flowers--River Kalomo--Physical Conformation of Country--
Ridges, sanatoria--A wounded Buffalo assisted--Buffalo-bird--
Rhinoceros-bird--Leaders of Herds--The Honey-guide--The White
Mountain--Mozuma River--Sebituane's old Home--Hostile Village--
Prophetic Phrensy--Food of the Elephant--Ant-hills--Friendly
Batoka--Clothing despised--Method of Salutation--Wild Fruits--
The Captive released--Longings for Peace--Pingola's Conquests--
The Village of Monze--Aspect of the Country--Visit from the
Chief Monze and his Wife--Central healthy Locations--Friendly
Feelings of the People in reference to a white Resident--
Fertility of the Soil--Bashukulompo Mode of dressing their
Hair--Gratitude of the Prisoner we released--Kindness and
Remarks of Monze's Sister--Dip of the Rocks--Vegetation--
Generosity of the Inhabitants--Their Anxiety for Medicine--
Hooping-cough--Birds and Rain.

Chapter 28. Beautiful Valley--Buffalo--My young Men kill two
Elephants--The Hunt--Mode of measuring Height of live
Elephants--Wild Animals smaller here than in the South, though
their Food is more abundant--The Elephant a dainty Feeder--
Semalembue--His Presents--Joy in prospect of living in Peace--
Trade--His People's way of wearing their Hair--Their Mode of
Salutation--Old Encampment--Sebituane's former Residence--Ford
of Kafue--Hippopotami--Hills and Villages--Geological
Formation--Prodigious Quantities of large Game--Their
Tameness--Rains--Less Sickness than in the Journey to Loanda--
Reason--Charge from an Elephant--Vast Amount of animal Life on
the Zambesi--Water of River discolored--An Island with
Buffaloes and Men on it--Native Devices for killing Game--
Tsetse now in Country--Agricultural Industry--An Albino
murdered by his Mother--"Guilty of Tlolo"--Women who make
their Mouths "like those of Ducks"--First Symptom of the
Slave-trade on this side--Selole's Hostility--An armed Party
hoaxed--An Italian Marauder slain--Elephant's Tenacity of
Life--A Word to young Sportsmen--Mr. Oswell's Adventure with
an Elephant; narrow Escape--Mburuma's Village--Suspicious
Conduct of his People--Guides attempt to detain us--The
Village and People of Ma Mburuma--Character our Guides give of
us.

Chapter 29. Confluence of Loangwa and Zambesi--Hostile
Appearances--Ruins of a Church--Turmoil of Spirit--Cross the
River--Friendly Parting--Ruins of stone Houses--The Situation
of Zumbo for Commerce--Pleasant Gardens--Dr. Lacerda's Visit
to Cazembe--Pereira's Statement--Unsuccessful Attempt to
establish Trade with the People of Cazembe--One of my Men
tossed by a Buffalo--Meet a Man with Jacket and Hat on--Hear
of the Portuguese and native War--Holms and Terraces on the
Banks of a River--Dancing for Corn--Beautiful Country--
Mpende's Hostility--Incantations--A Fight anticipated--Courage
and Remarks of my Men--Visit from two old Councilors of
Mpende--Their Opinion of the English--Mpende concludes not to
fight us--His subsequent Friendship--Aids us to cross the
River--The Country--Sweet Potatoes--Bakwain Theory of Rain
confirmed--Thunder without Clouds--Desertion of one of my Men--
Other Natives' Ideas of the English--Dalama (gold)--
Inhabitants dislike Slave-buyers--Meet native Traders with
American Calico--Game-laws--Elephant Medicine--Salt from the
Sand--Fertility of Soil--Spotted Hyaena--Liberality and
Politeness of the People--Presents--A stingy white Trader--
Natives' Remarks about him--Effect on their Minds--Rain and
Wind now from an opposite Direction--Scarcity of Fuel--Trees
for Boat-building--Boroma--Freshets--Leave the River--Chicova,
its Geological Features--Small Rapid near Tete--Loquacious
Guide--Nyampungo, the Rain-charmer--An old Man--No Silver--
Gold-washing--No Cattle.

Chapter 30. An Elephant-hunt--Offering and Prayers to the
Barimo for Success--Native Mode of Expression--Working of
Game-laws--A Feast--Laughing Hyaenas--Numerous Insects--
Curious Notes of Birds of Song--Caterpillars--Butterflies--
Silica--The Fruit Makoronga and Elephants--Rhinoceros
Adventure--Korwe Bird--Its Nest--A real Confinement--Honey and
Beeswax--Superstitious Reverence for the Lion--Slow Traveling--
Grapes--The Ue--Monina's Village--Native Names--Government of
the Banyai--Electing a Chief--Youths instructed in "Bonyai"--
Suspected of Falsehood--War-dance--Insanity and Disappearance
of Monahin--Fruitless Search--Monina's Sympathy--The Sand-
river Tangwe--The Ordeal Muavi: its Victims--An unreasonable
Man--"Woman's Rights"--Presents--Temperance--A winding Course
to shun Villages--Banyai Complexion and Hair--Mushrooms--The
Tubers, Mokuri--The Tree Shekabakadzi--Face of the Country--
Pot-holes--Pursued by a Party of Natives--Unpleasant Threat--
Aroused by a Company of Soldiers--A civilized Breakfast--
Arrival at Tete.

Chapter 31. Kind Reception from the Commandant--His Generosity
to my Men--The Village of Tete--The Population--Distilled
Spirits--The Fort--Cause of the Decadence of Portuguese Power--
Former Trade--Slaves employed in Gold-washing--Slave-trade
drained the Country of Laborers--The Rebel Nyaude's Stockade--
He burns Tete--Kisaka's Revolt and Ravages--Extensive Field of
Sugar-cane--The Commandant's good Reputation among the
Natives--Providential Guidance--Seams of Coal--A hot Spring--
Picturesque Country--Water-carriage to the Coal-fields--
Workmen's Wages--Exports--Price of Provisions--Visit Gold-
washings--The Process of obtaining the precious Metal--Coal
within a Gold-field--Present from Major Sicard--Natives raise
Wheat, etc.--Liberality of the Commandant--Geographical
Information from Senhor Candido--Earthquakes--Native Ideas of
a Supreme Being--Also of the Immortality and Transmigration of
Souls--Fondness for Display at Funerals--Trade Restrictions--
Former Jesuit Establishment--State of Religion and Education
at Tete--Inundation of the Zambesi--Cotton cultivated--The
fibrous Plants Conge and Buaze--Detained by Fever--The
Kumbanzo Bark--Native Medicines--Iron, its Quality--Hear of
Famine at Kilimane--Death of a Portuguese Lady--The Funeral--
Disinterested Kindness of the Portuguese.

Chapter 32. Leave Tete and proceed down the River--Pass the
Stockade of Bonga--Gorge of Lupata--"Spine of the World"--
Width of River--Islands--War Drum at Shiramba--Canoe
Navigation--Reach Senna--Its ruinous State--Landeens levy
Fines upon the Inhabitants--Cowardice of native Militia--State
of the Revenue--No direct Trade with Portugal--Attempts to
revive the Trade of Eastern Africa--Country round Senna--
Gorongozo, a Jesuit Station--Manica, the best Gold Region in
Eastern Africa--Boat-building at Senna--Our Departure--Capture
of a Rebel Stockade--Plants Alfacinya and Njefu at the
Confluence of the Shire--Landeen Opinion of the Whites--
Mazaro, the point reached by Captain Parker--His Opinion
respecting the Navigation of the River from this to the Ocean--
Lieutenant Hoskins' Remarks on the same subject--Fever, its
Effects--Kindly received into the House of Colonel Nunes at
Kilimane--Forethought of Captain Nolloth and Dr. Walsh--Joy
imbittered--Deep Obligations to the Earl of Clarendon, etc.--
On developing Resources of the Interior--Desirableness of
Missionary Societies selecting healthy Stations--Arrangements
on leaving my Men--Retrospect--Probable Influence of the
Discoveries on Slavery--Supply of Cotton, Sugar, etc., by Free
Labor--Commercial Stations--Development of the Resources of
Africa a Work of Time--Site of Kilimane--Unhealthiness--Death
of a shipwrecked Crew from Fever--The Captain saved by
Quinine--Arrival of H. M. Brig "Frolic"--Anxiety of one of my
Men to go to England--Rough Passage in the Boats to the Ship--
Sekwebu's Alarm--Sail for Mauritius--Sekwebu on board; he
becomes insane; drowns himself--Kindness of Major-General C.
M. Hay--Escape Shipwreck--Reach Home.

Appendix.--Latitudes and Longitudes of Positions.

Appendix.--Book Review in Harper's New Monthly Magazine,
February, 1858.

Appendix.--Notes to etext.

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Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa.

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Introduction.


Personal Sketch--Highland Ancestors--Family Traditions--Grandfather
removes to the Lowlands--Parents--Early Labors and Efforts
--Evening School--Love of Reading--Religious Impressions--Medical
Education--Youthful Travels--Geology--Mental Discipline--Study
in Glasgow--London Missionary Society--Native Village--Medical
Diploma--Theological Studies--Departure for Africa--No Claim to Literary
Accomplishments.



My own inclination would lead me to say as little as possible about
myself; but several friends, in whose judgment I have confidence, have
suggested that, as the reader likes to know something about the author,
a short account of his origin and early life would lend additional
interest to this book. Such is my excuse for the following egotism; and,
if an apology be necessary for giving a genealogy, I find it in the fact
that it is not very long, and contains only one incident of which I have
reason to be proud.

Our great-grandfather fell at the battle of Culloden, fighting for the
old line of kings; and our grandfather was a small farmer in Ulva,
where my father was born. It is one of that cluster of the Hebrides thus
alluded to by Walter Scott:

"And Ulva dark, and Colonsay,
And all the group of islets gay
That guard famed Staffa round."*

* Lord of the Isles, canto 4.

Our grandfather was intimately acquainted with all the traditionary
legends which that great writer has since made use of in the "Tales of a
Grandfather" and other works. As a boy I remember listening to him with
delight, for his memory was stored with a never-ending stock of stories,
many of which were wonderfully like those I have since heard while
sitting by the African evening fires. Our grandmother, too, used to
sing Gaelic songs, some of which, as she believed, had been composed by
captive islanders languishing hopelessly among the Turks.

Grandfather could give particulars of the lives of his ancestors for
six generations of the family before him; and the only point of the
tradition I feel proud of is this: One of these poor hardy islanders
was renowned in the district for great wisdom and prudence; and it is
related that, when he was on his death-bed, he called all his children
around him and said, "Now, in my lifetime, I have searched most
carefully through all the traditions I could find of our family, and
I never could discover that there was a dishonest man among our
forefathers. If, therefore, any of you or any of your children should
take to dishonest ways, it will not be because it runs in our blood: it
does not belong to you. I leave this precept with you: Be honest." If,
therefore, in the following pages I fall into any errors, I hope they
will be dealt with as honest mistakes, and not as indicating that I have
forgotten our ancient motto. This event took place at a time when the
Highlanders, according to Macaulay, were much like the Cape Caffres,
and any one, it was said, could escape punishment for cattle-stealing by
presenting a share of the plunder to his chieftain. Our ancestors were
Roman Catholics; they were made Protestants by the laird coming round
with a man having a yellow staff, which would seem to have attracted
more attention than his teaching, for the new religion went long
afterward, perhaps it does so still, by the name of "the religion of the
yellow stick".

Finding his farm in Ulva insufficient to support a numerous family, my
grandfather removed to Blantyre Works, a large cotton manufactory on
the beautiful Clyde, above Glasgow; and his sons, having had the best
education the Hebrides afforded, were gladly received as clerks by
the proprietors, Monteith and Co. He himself, highly esteemed for his
unflinching honesty, was employed in the conveyance of large sums of
money from Glasgow to the works, and in old age was, according to the
custom of that company, pensioned off, so as to spend his declining
years in ease and comfort.