The Writings of Abraham Lincoln, Complete

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TO THE POSTMASTER-GENERAL.

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, April 7,1849.
HON. POSTMASTER-GENERAL.

DEAR Sir:--I recommend that Abner Y. Ellis be appointed postmaster at
this place, whenever there shall be a vacancy. J. R. Diller, the present
incumbent, I cannot say has failed in the proper discharge of any of the
duties of the office. He, however, has been an active partisan in
opposition to us.

Located at the seat of government of the State, he has been, for part if
not the whole of the time he has held the office, a member of the
Democratic State Central Committee, signing his name to their addresses
and manifestoes; and has been, as I understand, reappointed by Mr. Polk
since General Taylor's election. These are the facts of the case as I
understand them, and I give no opinion of mine as to whether he should or
should not be removed. My wish is that the department may adopt some
proper general rule for such cases, and that Mr. Diller may not be made
an exception to it, one way or the other.

Your obedient servant,
A. LINCOLN.

P. S.--This office, with its delivery, is entirely within my district; so
that Colonel Baker, the other Whig representative, claims no voice in the
appointment.L.




TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, April 7, 1849.
HON. SECRETARY OF THE HOME DEPARTMENT.

DEAR SIR:--I recommend that William Butler be appointed pension agent for
the Illinois agency, when the place shall be vacant. Mr. Hurst, the
present incumbent, I believe has performed the duties very well. He is a
decided partisan, and I believe expects to be removed. Whether he shall,
I submit to the department. This office is not confined to my district,
but pertains to the whole State; so that Colonel Baker has an equal right
with myself to be heard concerning it. However, the office is located
here; and I think it is not probable that any one would desire to remove
from a distance to take it.

Your obedient servant,
A. LINCOLN.




TO THOMPSON.

SPRINGFIELD, April 25, 1849.

DEAR THOMPSON: A tirade is still kept up against me here for recommending
T. R. King. This morning it is openly avowed that my supposed influence
at Washington shall be broken down generally, and King's prospects
defeated in particular. Now, what I have done in this matter I have done
at the request of you and some other friends in Tazewell; and I therefore
ask you to either admit it is wrong or come forward and sustain me. If
the truth will permit, I propose that you sustain me in the following
manner: copy the inclosed scrap in your own handwriting and get everybody
(not three or four, but three or four hundred) to sign it, and then send
it to me. Also, have six, eight or ten of our best known Whig friends
there write to me individual letters, stating the truth in this matter as
they understand it. Don't neglect or delay in the matter. I understand
information of an indictment having been found against him about three
years ago, for gaming or keeping a gaming house, has been sent to the
department. I shall try to take care of it at the department till your
action can be had and forwarded on.

Yours as ever,
A. LINCOLN.




TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

SPRINGFIELD ILLINOIS. May 10, 1849.
HON. SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.

DEAR SIR:--I regret troubling you so often in relation to the
land-offices here, but I hope you will perceive the necessity of it, and
excuse me. On the 7th of April I wrote you recommending Turner R. King
for register, and Walter Davis for receiver. Subsequently I wrote you
that, for a private reason, I had concluded to transpose them. That
private reason was the request of an old personal friend who himself
desired to be receiver, but whom I felt it my duty to refuse a
recommendation. He said if I would transpose King and Davis he would be
satisfied. I thought it a whim, but, anxious to oblige him, I consented.
Immediately he commenced an assault upon King's character, intending, as
I suppose, to defeat his appointment, and thereby secure another chance
for himself. This double offence of bad faith to me and slander upon a
good man is so totally outrageous that I now ask to have King and Davis
placed as I originally recommended,--that is, King for register and Davis
for receiver.

An effort is being made now to have Mr. Barret, the present register,
retained. I have already said he has done the duties of the office well,
and I now add he is a gentleman in the true sense. Still, he submits to
be the instrument of his party to injure us. His high character enables
him to do it more effectually. Last year he presided at the convention
which nominated the Democratic candidate for Congress in this district,
and afterward ran for the State Senate himself, not desiring the seat,
but avowedly to aid and strengthen his party. He made speech after speech
with a degree of fierceness and coarseness against General Taylor not
quite consistent with his habitually gentlemanly deportment. At least one
(and I think more) of those who are now trying to have him retained was
himself an applicant for this very office, and, failing to get my
recommendation, now takes this turn.

In writing you a third time in relation to these offices, I stated that I
supposed charges had been forwarded to you against King, and that I would
inquire into the truth of them. I now send you herewith what I suppose
will be an ample defense against any such charges. I ask attention to all
the papers, but particularly to the letters of Mr. David Mack, and the
paper with the long list of names. There is no mistake about King's being
a good man. After the unjust assault upon him, and considering the just
claims of Tazewell County, as indicated in the letters I inclose you, it
would in my opinion be injustice, and withal a blunder, not to appoint
him, at least as soon as any one is appointed to either of the offices
here.

Your obedient servant,
A. LINCOLN.




TO J. GILLESPIE.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL., May 19, 1849.
DEAR GILLESPIE:

Butterfield will be commissioner of the Gen'l Land Office, unless
prevented by strong and speedy efforts. Ewing is for him, and he is only
not appointed yet because Old Zach. hangs fire.

I have reliable information of this. Now, if you agree with me that this
appointment would dissatisfy rather than gratify the Whigs of this State,
that it would slacken their energies in future contests, that his
appointment in '41 is an old sore with them which they will not patiently
have reopened,--in a word that his appointment now would be a fatal
blunder to the administration and our political men here in Illinois,
write Crittenden to that effect. He can control the matter. Were you to
write Ewing I fear the President would never hear of your letter. This
may be mere suspicion. You might write directly to Old Zach. You will be
the best judge of the propriety of that. Not a moment's time is to be
lost.

Let this be confidential except with Mr. Edwards and a few others whom
you know I would trust just as I do you.

Yours as ever,

A. LINCOLN.




REQUEST FOR GENERAL LAND-OFFICE APPPOINTMENT

TO E. EMBREE.

[Confidential]

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS, May 25, 1849.
HON. E. EMBREE

DEAR SIR:--I am about to ask a favor of you, one which I hope will not
cost you much. I understand the General Land-Office is about to be given
to Illinois, and that Mr. Ewing desires Justin Butterfield, of Chicago,
to be the man. I give you my word, the appointment of Mr. Butterfield
will be an egregious political blunder. It will give offence to the whole
Whig party here, and be worse than a dead loss to the administration of
so much of its patronage. Now, if you can conscientiously do so, I wish
you to write General Taylor at once, saying that either I or the man I
recommend should in your opinion be appointed to that office, if any one
from Illinois shall be. I restrict my request to Illinois because you may
have a man from your own State, and I do not ask to interfere with that.

Your friend as ever,
A. LINCOLN.




REQUEST FOR A PATENT

IMPROVED METHOD OF LIFTING VESSELS OVER SHOALS.

Application for Patent:

What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, is
the combination of expansible buoyant chambers placed at the sides of a
vessel with the main shaft or shafts by means of the sliding spars, which
pass down through the buoyant chambers and are made fast to their bottoms
and the series of ropes and pulleys or their equivalents in such a manner
that by turning the main shaft or shafts in one direction the buoyant
chambers will be forced downward into the water, and at the same time
expanded and filled with air for buoying up the vessel by the
displacement of water, and by turning the shafts in an opposite direction
the buoyant chambers will be contracted into a small space and secured
against injury.

A. LINCOLN.




TO THE SECRETARY OF INTERIOR.

SPRINGFIELD, ILL., June 3, 1849
HON. SECRETARY OF INTERIOR.

DEAR SIR:--Vandalia, the receiver's office at which place is the subject
of the within, is not in my district; and I have been much perplexed to
express any preference between Dr. Stapp and Mr. Remann. If any one man
is better qualified for such an office than all others, Dr. Stapp is that
man; still, I believe a large majority of the Whigs of the district
prefer Mr. Remann, who also is a good man. Perhaps the papers on file
will enable you to judge better than I can. The writers of the within are
good men, residing within the land district.

Your obt. servant,
A. LINCOLN.




TO W. H. HERNDON.

SPRINGFIELD, June 5, 1849.

DEAR WILLIAM:--Your two letters were received last night. I have a great
many letters to write, and so cannot write very long ones. There must be
some mistake about Walter Davis saying I promised him the post-office. I
did not so promise him. I did tell him that if the distribution of the
offices should fall into my hands, he should have something; and if I
shall be convinced he has said any more than this, I shall be
disappointed. I said this much to him because, as I understand, he is of
good character, is one of the young men, is of the mechanics, and always
faithful and never troublesome; a Whig, and is poor, with the support of
a widow mother thrown almost exclusively on him by the death of his
brother. If these are wrong reasons, then I have been wrong; but I have
certainly not been selfish in it, because in my greatest need of friends
he was against me, and for Baker.

Yours as ever,
A. LINCOLN.

P. S. Let the above be confidential.




TO J. GILLESPIE.

DEAR GILLESPIE:

Mr. Edwards is unquestionably offended with me in connection with the
matter of the General Land-Office. He wrote a letter against me which was
filed at the department.

The better part of one's life consists of his friendships; and, of them,
mine with Mr. Edwards was one of the most cherished. I have not been
false to it. At a word I could have had the office any time before the
department was committed to Mr. Butterfield, at least Mr. Ewing and the
President say as much. That word I forbore to speak, partly for other
reasons, but chiefly for Mr. Edwards' sake, losing the office (that he
might gain it) I was always for; but to lose his friendship, by the
effort for him, would oppress me very much, were I not sustained by the
utmost consciousness of rectitude. I first determined to be an applicant,
unconditionally, on the 2nd of June; and I did so then upon being
informed by a telegraphic despatch that the question was narrowed down to
Mr. B and myself, and that the Cabinet had postponed the appointment
three weeks, for my benefit. Not doubting that Mr. Edwards was wholly out
of the question I, nevertheless, would not then have become an applicant
had I supposed he would thereby be brought to suspect me of treachery to
him. Two or three days afterwards a conversation with Levi Davis
convinced me Mr. Edwards was dissatisfied; but I was then too far in to
get out. His own letter, written on the 25th of April, after I had fully
informed him of all that had passed, up to within a few days of that
time, gave assurance I had that entire confidence from him which I felt
my uniform and strong friendship for him entitled me to. Among other
things it says, "Whatever course your judgment may dictate as proper to
be pursued, shall never be excepted to by me." I also had had a letter
from Washington, saying Chambers, of the Republic, had brought a rumor
then, that Mr. E had declined in my favor, which rumor I judged came from
Mr. E himself, as I had not then breathed of his letter to any living
creature. In saying I had never, before the 2nd of June, determined to be
an applicant, unconditionally, I mean to admit that, before then, I had
said substantially I would take the office rather than it should be lost
to the State, or given to one in the State whom the Whigs did not want;
but I aver that in every instance in which I spoke of myself, I intended
to keep, and now believe I did keep, Mr. E above myself. Mr. Edwards'
first suspicion was that I had allowed Baker to overreach me, as his
friend, in behalf of Don Morrison. I knew this was a mistake; and the
result has proved it. I understand his view now is, that if I had gone to
open war with Baker I could have ridden him down, and had the thing all
my own way. I believe no such thing. With Baker and some strong man from
the Military tract & elsewhere for Morrison, and we and some strong man
from the Wabash & elsewhere for Mr. E, it was not possible for either to
succeed. I believed this in March, and I know it now. The only thing
which gave either any chance was the very thing Baker & I proposed,--an
adjustment with themselves.

You may wish to know how Butterfield finally beat me. I can not tell you
particulars now, but will when I see you. In the meantime let it be
understood I am not greatly dissatisfied,--I wish the offer had been so
bestowed as to encourage our friends in future contests, and I regret
exceedingly Mr. Edwards' feelings towards me. These two things away, I
should have no regrets,--at least I think I would not.

Write me soon.

Your friend, as ever,
A. LINCOLN.




RESOLUTIONS OF SYMPATHY WITH THE CAUSE OF
HUNGARIAN FREEDOM, SEPTEMBER [12??], 1849.

At a meeting to express sympathy with the cause of Hungarian freedom, Dr.
Todd, Thos. Lewis, Hon. A. Lincoln, and Wm. Carpenter were appointed a
committee to present appropriate resolutions, which reported through Hon.
A. Lincoln the following:

Resolved, That, in their present glorious struggle for liberty, the
Hungarians command our highest admiration and have our warmest sympathy.

Resolved, That they have our most ardent prayers for their speedy triumph
and final success.

Resolved, That the Government of the United States should acknowledge the
independence of Hungary as a nation of freemen at the very earliest
moment consistent with our amicable relations with the government against
which they are contending.

Resolved, That, in the opinion of this meeting, the immediate
acknowledgment of the independence of Hungary by our government is due
from American freemen to their struggling brethren, to the general cause
of republican liberty, and not violative of the just rights of any nation
or people.




TO Dr. WILLIAM FITHIAN.

SPRINGFIELD, Sept. 14, 1849.

Dr. WILLIAM FITHIAN, Danville, Ill.

DEAR DOCTOR:--Your letter of the 9th was received a day or two ago. The
notes and mortgages you enclosed me were duly received. I also got the
original Blanchard mortgage from Antrim Campbell, with whom Blanchard had
left it for you. I got a decree of foreclosure on the whole; but, owing
to there being no redemption on the sale to be under the Blanchard
mortgage, the court allowed Mobley till the first of March to pay the
money, before advertising for sale. Stuart was empowered by Mobley to
appear for him, and I had to take such decree as he would consent to, or
none at all. I cast the matter about in my mind and concluded that as I
could not get a decree we would put the accrued interest at interest, and
thereby more than match the fact of throwing the Blanchard debt back from
twelve to six per cent., it was better to do it. This is the present
state of the case.

I can well enough understand and appreciate your suggestions about the
Land-Office at Danville; but in my present condition, I can do nothing.

Yours, as ever,
A. LINCOLN.




SPRINGFIELD, Dec. 15, 1849.

__________ESQ.

DEAR SIR:--On my return from Kentucky I found your letter of the 7th of
November, and have delayed answering it till now for the reason I now
briefly state. From the beginning of our acquaintance I had felt the
greatest kindness for you and had supposed it was reciprocated on your
part. Last summer, under circumstances which I mentioned to you, I was
painfully constrained to withhold a recommendation which you desired, and
shortly afterwards I learned, in such a way as to believe it, that you
were indulging in open abuse of me. Of course my feelings were wounded.
On receiving your last letter the question occurred whether you were
attempting to use me at the same time you would injure me, or whether you
might not have been misrepresented to me. If the former, I ought not to
answer you; if the latter, I ought, and so I have remained in suspense. I
now enclose you the letter, which you may use if you see fit.

Yours, etc.,
A. LINCOLN.




1850
RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF JUDGE NATHANIEL POPE.

Circuit and District Court of the U. S. in and for the State and District
of Illinois. Monday, June 3, 1850.

On the opening of the Court this morning, the Hon. A. Lincoln, a member
of the Bar of this Court, suggested the death of the Hon. Nathaniel Pope,
late a judge of this Court, since the adjournment of the last term;
whereupon, in token of respect for the memory of the deceased, it is
ordered that the Court do now adjourn until to-morrow morning at ten
o'clock.

The Hon. Stephen T. Logan, the Hon. Norman H. Purple, the Hon. David L.
Gregg, the Hon. A. Lincoln, and George W. Meeker, Esq., were appointed a
Committee to prepare resolutions.

Whereupon, the Hon. Stephen T. Logan, in behalf of the Committee,
presented the following preamble and resolutions:

Whereas The Hon. Nathaniel Pope, District Judge of the United States
Court for the District of Illinois, having departed this life during the
last vacation of said Court, and the members of the Bar of said Court,
entertaining the highest veneration for his memory, a profound respect for
his ability, great experience, and learning as a judge, and cherishing
for his many virtues, public and private, his earnest simplicity of
character and unostentatious deportment, both in his public and private
relations, the most lively and affectionate recollections, have

Resolved, That, as a manifestation of their deep sense of the loss which
has been sustained in his death, they will wear the usual badge of
mourning during the residue of the term.

Resolved, That the Chairman communicate to the family of the deceased a
copy of these proceedings, with an assurance of our sincere condolence on
account of their heavy bereavement.

Resolved, That the Hon. A. Williams, District Attorney of this Court, be
requested in behalf of the meeting to present these proceedings to the
Circuit Court, and respectfully to ask that they may be entered on the
records.

E. N. POWELL, Sec'y. SAMUEL H. TREAT, Ch'n.




NOTES FOR LAW LECTURE

(fragments)
JULY 1, 1850

DISCOURAGE LITIGATION. Persuade your neighbors to compromise whenever you
can. Point out to them how the nominal winner is often a real loser-in
fees, expenses, and waste of time. As a peace-maker the lawyer has a
superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business
enough.

Never stir up litigation. A worse man can scarcely be found than one who
does this. Who can be more nearly a fiend than he who habitually
over-hauls the register of deeds in search of defects in titles, whereon
to stir up strife, and put money in his pocket? A moral tone ought to be
infused into the profession which should drive such men out of it.

The matter of fees is important, far beyond the mere question of bread
and butter involved. Properly attended to, fuller justice is done to both
lawyer and client. An exorbitant fee should never be claimed. As a
general rule never take your whole fee in advance, nor any more than a
small retainer. When fully paid beforehand, you are more than a common
mortal if you can feel the same interest in the case as if something was
still in prospect for you, as well as for your client. And when you lack
interest in the case the job will very likely lack skill and diligence in
the performance. Settle the amount of fee and take a note in advance.
Then you will feel that you are working for something, and you are sure
to do your work faithfully and well. Never sell a fee note--at least not
before the consideration service is performed. It leads to negligence and
dishonesty--negligence by losing interest in the case, and dishonesty in
refusing to refund when you have allowed the consideration to fail.

This idea of a refund or reduction of charges from the lawyer in a failed
case is a new one to me--but not a bad one.




1851
LETTERS TO FAMILY MEMBERS
TO JOHN D. JOHNSTON.

January 2, 1851

DEAR JOHNSTON:--Your request for eighty dollars I do not think it best to
comply with now. At the various times when I have helped you a little you
have said to me, "We can get along very well now"; but in a very short
time I find you in the same difficulty again. Now, this can only happen
by some defect in your conduct. What that defect is, I think I know. You
are not lazy, and still you are an idler. I doubt whether, since I saw
you, you have done a good whole day's work in any one day. You do not
very much dislike to work, and still you do not work much merely because
it does not seem to you that you could get much for it. This habit of
uselessly wasting time is the whole difficulty; it is vastly important to
you, and still more so to your children, that you should break the habit.
It is more important to them, because they have longer to live, and can
keep out of an idle habit before they are in it, easier than they can get
out after they are in.

You are now in need of some money; and what I propose is, that you shall
go to work, "tooth and nail," for somebody who will give you money for
it. Let father and your boys take charge of your things at home, prepare
for a crop, and make the crop, and you go to work for the best money
wages, or in discharge of any debt you owe, that you can get; and, to
secure you a fair reward for your labor, I now promise you, that for
every dollar you will, between this and the first of May, get for your
own labor, either in money or as your own indebtedness, I will then give
you one other dollar. By this, if you hire yourself at ten dollars a
month, from me you will get ten more, making twenty dollars a month for
your work. In this I do not mean you shall go off to St. Louis, or the
lead mines, or the gold mines in California, but I mean for you to go at
it for the best wages you can get close to home in Coles County. Now, if
you will do this, you will be soon out of debt, and, what is better, you
will have a habit that will keep you from getting in debt again. But, if
I should now clear you out of debt, next year you would be just as deep
in as ever. You say you would almost give your place in heaven for
seventy or eighty dollars. Then you value your place in heaven very
cheap, for I am sure you can, with the offer I make, get the seventy or
eighty dollars for four or five months' work. You say if I will furnish
you the money you will deed me the land, and, if you don't pay the money
back, you will deliver possession. Nonsense! If you can't now live with
the land, how will you then live without it? You have always been kind to
me, and I do not mean to be unkind to you. On the contrary, if you will
but follow my advice, you will find it worth more than eighty times
eighty dollars to you.

Affectionately your brother,
A. LINCOLN.




TO C. HOYT.

SPRINGFIELD, Jan. 11, 1851.
C. HOYT, ESQ.

MY DEAR SIR:--Our case is decided against us. The decision was announced
this morning. Very sorry, but there is no help. The history of the case
since it came here is this. On Friday morning last, Mr. Joy filed his
papers, and entered his motion for a mandamus, and urged me to take up
the motion as soon as possible. I already had the points and authority
sent me by you and by Mr. Goodrich, but had not studied them. I began
preparing as fast as possible.

The evening of the same day I was again urged to take up the case. I
refused on the ground that I was not ready, and on which plea I also got
off over Saturday. But on Monday (the 14th) I had to go into it. We
occupied the whole day, I using the large part. I made every point and
used every authority sent me by yourself and by Mr. Goodrich; and in
addition all the points I could think of and all the authorities I could
find myself. When I closed the argument on my part, a large package was
handed me, which proved to be the plat you sent me.